title-14-part-91-sec91-509

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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 91.503

(3) Hangar and tie-down costs away

from the aircraft’s base of operation.

(4) Insurance obtained for the specific

flight.

(5) Landing fees, airport taxes, and

similar assessments.

(6) Customs, foreign permit, and

similar fees directly related to the
flight.

(7) In flight food and beverages.
(8) Passenger ground transportation.
(9) Flight planning and weather con-

tract services.

(10) An additional charge equal to 100

percent of the expenses listed in para-
graph (d)(1) of this section.

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34314, Aug. 18, 1989, as
amended by Amdt. 91–280, 68 FR 54560, Sept.
17, 2003]

§ 91.503

Flying equipment and oper-

ating information.

(a) The pilot in command of an air-

plane shall ensure that the following
flying equipment and aeronautical
charts and data, in current and appro-
priate form, are accessible for each
flight at the pilot station of the air-
plane:

(1) A flashlight having at least two

size ‘‘D’’ cells, or the equivalent, that
is in good working order.

(2) A cockpit checklist containing

the procedures required by paragraph
(b) of this section.

(3) Pertinent aeronautical charts.
(4) For IFR, VFR over-the-top, or

night operations, each pertinent navi-
gational en route, terminal area, and
approach and letdown chart.

(5) In the case of multiengine air-

planes, one-engine inoperative climb
performance data.

(b) Each cockpit checklist must con-

tain the following procedures and shall
be used by the flight crewmembers
when operating the airplane:

(1) Before starting engines.
(2) Before takeoff.
(3) Cruise.
(4) Before landing.
(5) After landing.
(6) Stopping engines.
(7) Emergencies.
(c) Each emergency cockpit checklist

procedure required by paragraph (b)(7)
of this section must contain the fol-
lowing procedures, as appropriate:

(1) Emergency operation of fuel, hy-

draulic, electrical, and mechanical sys-
tems.

(2) Emergency operation of instru-

ments and controls.

(3) Engine inoperative procedures.
(4) Any other procedures necessary

for safety.

(d) The equipment, charts, and data

prescribed in this section shall be used
by the pilot in command and other
members of the flight crew, when perti-
nent.

§ 91.505

Familiarity with operating

limitations and emergency equip-
ment.

(a) Each pilot in command of an air-

plane shall, before beginning a flight,
become familiar with the Airplane
Flight Manual for that airplane, if one
is required, and with any placards, list-
ings, instrument markings, or any
combination thereof, containing each
operating limitation prescribed for
that airplane by the Administrator, in-
cluding those specified in § 91.9(b).

(b) Each required member of the crew

shall, before beginning a flight, become
familiar with the emergency equip-
ment installed on the airplane to which
that crewmember is assigned and with
the procedures to be followed for the
use of that equipment in an emergency
situation.

§ 91.507

Equipment requirements:

Over-the-top or night VFR oper-
ations.

No person may operate an airplane

over-the-top or at night under VFR un-
less that airplane is equipped with the
instruments and equipment required
for IFR operations under § 91.205(d) and
one electric landing light for night op-
erations. Each required instrument and
item of equipment must be in operable
condition.

§ 91.509

Survival equipment for

overwater operations.

(a) No person may take off an air-

plane for a flight over water more than
50 nautical miles from the nearest
shore unless that airplane is equipped
with a life preserver or an approved flo-
tation means for each occupant of the
airplane.

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§ 91.511

(b) Except as provided in paragraph

(c) of this section, no person may take
off an airplane for flight over water
more than 30 minutes flying time or 100
nautical miles from the nearest shore,
whichever is less, unless it has on
board the following survival equip-
ment:

(1) A life preserver, equipped with an

approved survivor locator light, for
each occupant of the airplane.

(2) Enough liferafts (each equipped

with an approved survival locator
light) of a rated capacity and buoyancy
to accommodate the occupants of the
airplane.

(3) At least one pyrotechnic signaling

device for each liferaft.

(4) One self-buoyant, water-resistant,

portable emergency radio signaling de-
vice that is capable of transmission on
the appropriate emergency frequency
or frequencies and not dependent upon
the airplane power supply.

(5) A lifeline stored in accordance

with § 25.1411(g) of this chapter.

manager under subpart K of this part
may apply for a deviation from para-
graphs (b)(2) through (5) of this section
for a particular over water operation or
the Administrator may amend the
management specifications to require
the carriage of all or any specific items
of the equipment listed in paragraphs
(b)(2) through (5) of this section.

(d) The required life rafts, life pre-

servers, and signaling devices must be
installed in conspicuously marked lo-
cations and easily accessible in the
event of a ditching without appreciable
time for preparatory procedures.

(e) A survival kit, appropriately

equipped for the route to be flown,
must be attached to each required life
raft.

(f) As used in this section, the term

shore means that area of the land adja-
cent to the water that is above the
high water mark and excludes land
areas that are intermittently under
water.

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34314, Aug. 18, 1989, as
amended by Amdt. 91–280, 68 FR 54561, Sept.
17, 2003]

§ 91.511

Communication and naviga-

tion equipment for overwater oper-
ations.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs

(c), (d), and (f) of this section, no per-
son operating under this subpart may
take off an airplane for a flight over
water more than 30 minutes flying
time or 100 nautical miles from the
nearest shore unless it has at least the
following operable equipment:

(1) Radio communication equipment

appropriate to the facilities to be used
and able to transmit to, and receive
from, at least one communication fa-
cility from any place along the route:

(i) Two transmitters.
(ii) Two microphones.
(iii) Two headsets or one headset and

one speaker.

(iv) Two independent receivers.
(2) Appropriate electronic naviga-

tional equipment consisting of at least
two independent electronic navigation
units capable of providing the pilot
with the information necessary to
navigate the airplane within the air-
space assigned by air traffic control.
However, a receiver that can receive
both communications and required
navigational signals may be used in
place of a separate communications re-
ceiver and a separate navigational sig-
nal receiver or unit.

(b) For the purposes of paragraphs

(a)(1)(iv) and (a)(2) of this section, a re-
ceiver or electronic navigation unit is
independent if the function of any part
of it does not depend on the func-
tioning of any part of another receiver
or electronic navigation unit.

paragraph (a) of this section, a person
may operate an airplane on which no
passengers are carried from a place
where repairs or replacement cannot be
made to a place where they can be
made, if not more than one of each of
the dual items of radio communication
and navigational equipment specified
in paragraphs (a)(1) (i) through (iv) and
(a)(2) of this section malfunctions or
becomes inoperative.

(d) Notwithstanding the provisions of

paragraph (a) of this section, when
both VHF and HF communications
equipment are required for the route
and the airplane has two VHF trans-
mitters and two VHF receivers for